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Thermodynamics, made visual

Heat, work and the cycles that move energy, explained with clear diagrams from Carnot to your refrigerator.

How the Carnot Cycle Works
The ideal four-step heat engine that sets the limit on efficiency.
How Heat Conduction Transfers Energy
Energy passed atom to atom through a solid, from hot to cold.
Phase Change and Latent Heat
Why melting and boiling absorb energy without changing temperature.
Pressure and Temperature Relationship for a Gas
How compressing or heating a gas moves its pressure and temperature.
Convection Boundary Layer Heat Transfer
Warm fluid rising and carrying heat away from a surface.
Radiation Heat Transfer
Heat crossing empty space as electromagnetic waves, black-body style.
Rankine Cycle Power Plant Flow
A simplified steam power plant loop: pump, boiler, turbine, condenser.
Refrigeration Vapor-Compression Cycle
The four state points that move heat out of a cold space.
How a Heat Pipe Internal Wick Works
A sealed pipe moving heat by evaporating and condensing fluid.
Conduction vs Convection vs Radiation
The three ways heat travels, side by side.